Single-celled organisms dominated life on Earth for billions of years. The evolution to multicellular life however changed the entire landscape because it resulted in the emergence […]
Author Archives: Ethan Hoffmann
Five Types of Physical Fitness Training
There are different categories or types of physical fitness training. Each corresponds to a defined purpose or fitness goal such as the development and improvement […]
What is CRISPR? How CRISPR Gene Editing Works?
A 2014 MIT Technology Review article by A Regalado described CRISPR as “the biggest biotech discovery of the century.” This was not an overstretch. CRISPR […]
Host-Parasite Coevolution Theory of Sexual Reproduction
The host-parasite coevolution theory suggests that sex and sexual reproduction have evolved in part as a defense against parasites. It also suggests that the continued […]
Senescence 101: The Major Theories of Aging
What causes aging? Why do most species such as most animals and fungi age? Over the years, scientists have come up with different theories to […]
The Evolutionary Theories of Aging
There is a body of theories that collectively provide an explanation behind the causes and mechanisms of aging from an evolutionary perspective. These are called […]
Keto 101: The Science Behind Ketogenic Diet
Ketogenic diet or keto diet is a nutrition management system characterized by a high-fat, adequate-protein, and low-carbohydrate diet. The primary goal of this diet is […]
Pros and Cons of Ketogenic Diet
The ketogenic diet or keto diet was originally developed and promoted as a nutrition management system or more specifically, as a diet therapy for managing […]
Explainer: The Human Endogenous Retroviruses
Imprinted deeply in the human genome are traces of ancient retroviruses that infected pre-human ancestors about 2 to 60 million years ago. Through the natural process […]
Cytokine Storm: Definition, Causes, and Effects
A cytokine storm is a condition characterized by an uncontrolled and excessive release of inflammatory cytokines. More specifically, it is a physiological reaction observed in […]